Le patrimoine local

SOME NOTES (provisional) ON the HISTORY OF CAMPESTRE

What I know...

Historic insight - Celtic Time - Roman Domination - Franks and buckwheats - Septimanie - the Albigensian Crusade - the one hundred year old war - the baronnie of Hierle - viguery of Vigan - the Revolution - the plague and other calamities - fairs -

The COMMUNE OF CAMPESTRE AND LUC - the village of Campestre - hamlets

Blazon of the Commune of Campestre and Luc.

Stack sinople (it is the green color into heraldic, and not a cereal Madam the first assistant one!) on gold bottom.

Small general history of the blazon

Born during the XI° century, and more widely diffused in Europe with the Crusades, the blazon, responsible for all its symbolic system, takes its first steps in the Middle Ages culturally turned towards the abstract. It takes a place of first choice there, in particular in the tournaments and at the time of
the confirmation of instruments, until becoming a true science: the heraldic one, with its own rules, its own terminology and its own grammar.

With the wire of time, it became the means simplest to display the individual membership at a community (the family generally, but also the religious corporation, the city, the corporation of trades, the seigniory, etc.) It continues to be nowadays the symbol of the attachment to the family and the ancestors.

The error most commonly made is to think that the heraldic one is the exclusive sign of the nobility. One finds, for example, of the blazons of merchants as of the XII° century. The commoners are authorized as of the end of the Middle Ages to decorate their ecu of external ornaments (Helmet, Heaumes, Couronne, Lambrequins, etc). It was widely diffused in the families of the Third-State, in particular at the time of
the great investigation of Hozier, ordered by the Sun king between 1696 and 1701. Approximately 200.000 people profited from the recording from their armorial bearings, noble but so ecclesiastical, middle-class, magistrates, merchants, etc.

Historic insight

Always located in a space border, it is difficult to say with certainty what was our causse in moved back times. We present to you what we found with some guarantee of serious.

Although inhabited as of the Neolithic era the area really does not become populated that 2500 years ago with the arrival of the Celtic tribes of the south-west of Germany. Contrary to the plate of Blandas, no trace of human occupation was raised to our knowledge on causse of Campestre for the neolthic period. Only one discovered wild fauna (claws of mammal) was made in 1962 with the swallow-hole of the dry Tree near the Luc.

Celtic time. Space border, the causse of Campestre is located in limit of two people Celtic (or Gallic), Volques arecomic in the east in the southernmost garrigues nîmoises and Cevennes, and Rutènes in current Aveyron. Volques arecomic had come about year 400 before J C, to replace on this ground the Ibéro-Ligurians, which had populated it before them.

Presence of the Romans in the area in 122 before J-C. It is Gaule Narbonnese. They exploited copper with Arrigas. They were established in our area after having pushed back or subjected the Celtic people (in -52 for Rutènes) which were present respectively since the VII and IV° century before J.-C. And one thus sees the chief of war ruthenes Tapinos, on Larzac to strike currency has his effigy. Roman peace will persist more than four centuries.

We have the certainty of the presence of a Roman villa on the plate within sight of the found remains

Christianity is preached in the Cevennes as of the IV° century. Creation of évêché of Arrisitum into 531, whose episcopal see was perhaps in the suburbs of Vigan.

After the threat of other invaders (vandals), the Visigoths extend their authority to the Rhone into 462. For 200 years the area becomes Septimanie.

Vigan and Lodève are under franque domination into 533. Foundation of évêché of Arisitum to Vigan.

Buckwheats at the beginning of the VIII° century. Invasion of Septimanie in 719 and presence in the valleys of Aigoual attested into 721. In 732 they destroy the monastery Benedictine of Nant. The installation of these invaders in the area is confirmed by the objects exhumed at the time of excavations and by certain toponyms (for example the collar of Mourèzes above Aumessas, would mean " collar of the Moors "). After the victory of Poitiers - " Moors stopped in Poitiers " of our childhood -, but especially of St-Just of Ardeche, prisoners (slaves) buckwheats will remain present in the area beyond 732.

Treated of Verdun into 843, " Pagus Arisitensis ", area of Vigan of the name of the river of Arre, are included in the kingdom of Charles-the-Bald person with the whole of Francia occidentalis.

The count of Toulouse inherits Septimanie into 918 (or in 897)

It is at that time that count and Viscount who controlled the territory became hereditary owners. It is also the time of serfdom for the farmers who are often sold with the grounds.

The XII° century sees the arrival of the military religious commands. First of all the command of Hospital of Saint-Jean-of-Jerusalem in 1113. Their mission: lodging and the care with the pilgrims. In 1120, a parallel command,the Command of the Temple is created in order to ensure the safety of the same Holy Land pilgrims. Philippe the Beautiful one will order, in 1307, the arrest of all Templiers de France. The Command, too powerful, shown idolatrie and of heresy, is abolished by the Pope in 1312. They are the Hospital ones which will collect all the heritage of Templiers. Templiers had taken possession of many fields on Larzac in 1150: Ste-Eulalie, Couvertoirade, Cavalry...

The barons de Roquefeuil opposed with eagerness to the templiers, although some of them formed part of the command. Raid on the cattle of the Luc feeding on Larzac and flight of sheaf in Couvertoirade with the head of a troop of one hundred men in 1257. Plundering of the town of Sainte-Eulalie and the castle in 1337 with insult strapping with one of principal the dignitary of the Command.

Crusade known as of the Albigensians in 1209 on the initiative of the Innocent pope III, directed against the religion cathare (of the Greek katharos: pure). It will be the pretext with the destruction of the South by the lords of North. The lord of Roquefeuil will take part in the coalition of the lords occitans to oppose the invasion and will undergo excommunication in 1225. St-Jean was used as refuge to the sympathizers cathares. The Albigès patronym remained frequent in the population St-jeantaise.

We do not have information on the local penetration of the catharism or of the heresy of Vaud with share that the castle of Caladon, whose vestiges are visible with two kilometers of Aumessas, was destroyed during the war of the Albigensians (Régis Bayle - Arrigas through the history). This civilization occitane proposes the example of the "paratge" i.e. the equality. Many grounds are had in freehold by free owners, the women are regarded as equal men including in the field of the heritage, a great tolerance applies with regard to the Jews, of Arabic and of the cathares. "It is always a great misfortune, when by surprise, civilization must yield the step to cruelty and the triumph of the franchimands delayed two centuries the functioning of progress" Frederic Mistral.

During the One hundred Year old war (XIV-XV°), after the treaty of Brétigny, Rouergue (of Rutanicum: from Rutènes) passes between the hands of the English without much upheaval for the population which put up rather well with this occupation. More than English, the subject of fear of our populations are the lorry drivers and flayers of the large English companies mercenaries like Frenchwomen, has who one owes the destruction of the castle and the church of Génolhac or the plundering of Caylar. In 1375, one of these tapes dévastala valley of Dourbie. Alzon is not saved, all the villages take precautions.

Here an outline of the practices of the mercenaries of the time according to Siméon de Luce: "One their favorite entertainments is to break the teeth of the peasants with stone blows and to cut the fists to them..." The danger always does not come from the foreign enemy...

The baronnie of Hierle

The baronnie of Hierle is born about the year thousand. It raised of the crown and was old Vicaria Arisiensis of the Carolingians, with the XIV° century it included/understood 22 parishes, of which Campestre, and 12 castles of which Roquedur, Sumène, SAINT LAURENT, Vissec, Rogues, Blandas, Madière, and Campestre. It covered the current limits of the cantons of Alzon, Sumène and Vigan. With the XIII° century, Campestre formed already part of Baronnie d' Hierle whose place chief was Aulas, succeeding Roquedur after the war against the Albigensians.

Blazon of Bermond

To the beginning of the XII° century (1243) the seigniory belongs to Bermond lord of Safe (whose tower of the castle still dominates the village) and of Anduze, powerful family of the Cevennes of origin sarrazine, which embraced the catharism accompanied by some by their vassal (but will be used the cause as Simon de Montfort at the time of the crusade against the lords of the South). In 1280, Pons de Saint-Just, bishop of Béziers buys the direction of the baronnie which returns to Iv-the-Beautiful Philippe (the ladykiller of the templiers) in 1293. In 1363, the lord of Hierle is Gilbert de Pierrefort. The family of Peyrefort will preserve the property until 1541 of it. She was sold with this date with Fulcrand 1^er of Monfaucon (or François?). The baronnie then includes/understands the current cantons of Vigan, Alzon, Trier and Valleraugue, increased communes of Meyrueis and Gatusières. The family of Montfaucon, lords of Vissec, will keep it until Claude, wire of Fulcrand II of Assas, old vassal from Montfaucon, obtains to the pleasure in 1653.Le last baron d' Hierle died in 1747, without "bequeathing" all to his wife. After the death of the marchioness, it is the marquis of the Tower of the Pine which inherits it and will keep it until the Revolution.

In the Middle Ages, another powerful house, related to the history of the commune since the Luc formed part of their possession, côtoie the baronnie of Hierle in north and the west, it acts of the barons (then marquis) of Roquefeuil who founded the monastery of Our-injury-of-Happiness in 1002. St-Jean-of-Bruel, which profited from a charter of franknesses into 1295 from Raymond de Roquefeuil, was called formerly St-Jean-of-Roquefeuil. Their stronghold, the feudal castle of Algae, dominates the valley of Dourbie between St-Jean and Nant.

Marquisat de Roquefeuil was repurchased by the Marquis de Faventines a few years avnt the revolution.

Viguerie of Vigan

This baronnie formed part of Viguerie (extent of the jurisdiction before 1789) of Vigan. The viguery was an intermediate administrative organization between the commune and the tax diocese, rather similar to our current district. The viguery of Vigan formed part of the tax diocese of Nimes until 1693, then of Alès after the revolution of 1789. The administrative life of the viguery merged almost with that of the Community of Vigan, because the same personnel ensured the services of one or other. One can make an easy parallel with the current operation of the Community of Communes and the commune of Vigan.

In Vigan, Viguier is the representative of the king, sovereign and coseignor. During the wars of religion, the office, hitherto between the hands of Montfaucon de Vissec, catholics, passes Farelle, to Protestants.

In 1583 , Jean of Farelle, sior of Rouvière, occupies the load. In 1625 will be Guillaume d' Ortoman. Blazon of Ginestous

After the Edict of Alès, June 27, 1629, B of Boyers, sior of Camprieu. The Edict of Alès involves the abolition of all the past, the demolition of all the fortifications and the re-establishment of the Edict of Nantes. The Peace of Alès however marks the defeat of the duke of Rohan and its Protestant co-religionists.

Later the load passed to the family Ginestous d' Argentère.

Viguerie of Vigan and Meyrueis will tell 35 communes in 1533, 37 in 1582, 38 in 1632. This increase is of with the importance which certain hamlets take.

Luc and Campestre form part of the districts diocésaines of Alais before 1790.

Archiprêtré of Vigan was composed of 19 parishes: Alzon, Arre, Arrigas, Aulas (with Bréau, its appendix), Aumessas, Avèze, Bez, Blandas, Campestre, Esparon, Luc, Mandagout, Molières, Montdardier, Apple trees, Rogues, Saint-Bresson-in Hierle, Vigan, Screwed.

Wars of religion

It three periods ago of disorders: the first of 1560 to 1598 until the Edict of Nantes, known as of Tolerance; the second of 1610 to 1629, of died of Henri IV with the peace of Alais (Edict of Grace); and the third starts before even the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the episode of the war of Camisard lasting of 1702 to 1710.

The castle of Algae (saint-Jean-of-Bruel) was burned on command of Richelieu in 1629.

The Revolution

All the inhabitants with pleasure did not support the authority of the church: "Citizens, for a long time we were deaf and blind, but currently we start to hear there and to see there. Let us not leave only one any more moment without making the war with fanaticism. Let us draw aside from us these enchanters, these ministers of any worships which had us any armatures in error by superstitious speeches which were founded only on the hope of the lucre. Let us imitate our neighbors who gave us the example, abjure our errors, change our ignorance in the place of the truth, recognize other public worships only that of the reason and truth, let us change our church into temple of the reason... Let us make disappear the signs from fanaticism. Let us establish in its place those of Freedom, burn all the disguises of the charlatans, it is the only means of thwarting the plot of our enemies."Jean-François Arnal, mayor of Alzon 18 Ventôse year II

Register of grievances of the parish of Campestre of March 9, 1789: too full with taxes.

Register of grievances of the commune of the Luc the 23 brumaire year 3^E of the French Republic: known with the wolves. 1795

The XVIII° century appeared also a very black period for Rouergue which knew one of the country miseries most dramatic. It is in 1800 that one discovered there celebrates it "child wolf" who spent the first eleven years of his life in the forest.

Hunting, great conquest of the Revolution of 1789 with a formerly abundant game (except the wild boar). Hunting for wild boar, if appraisal today by our hunters, would have made smile the men of prehistory who preferred, them, the large gauges: the bear, for example, of which the skin was more beautiful effect in winter, the horse for its tonic meat, the stags or the rhinoceros.

But of new feudality nowadays appear with the creation of large enclosures of hunting privé.(Calmels it Luc for example who gathers more than thousand hectares)

I announce that they were the Moors, who at the time of the invasions of the XV° century introduce the genette, small carnivorous mammal, in the area. It was used for its fur and drives out with the mice. Its name is besides of Arab origin, jineta.

In the past in our campaigns, because the licence was very expensive, much could not treat to it. Also the poaching was common. If the big landowners drove out for the pleasure, much of others in the farms and the hamlets, drove out by need, hunting being for them a second income. A hare was not then consumed that if it were really damaged.

One day of hunting brought back three or four hares and the epouse left (with foot) for the city or the close village to sell this game.

The plague... and other calamities. Click here

Wolves (has to come...)

Fairs

At the beginning of the century, each village or almost had its fairs. It is true that one walked to foot and that one could not thus go very far.

Many of these fairs disappeared in the years from post-war period, between 1945 and 1960. Some of these fairs were very specialized: in Aveyron, Lunac for the pigs, Savensa for the horses, Saint-Andrew for the ewes, or Marmont for onions.

"Some of these fairs had paces of fun fairs. E points out me to have seen in Lunac a horse-gear about 1920 entrainé with arm by two men." as one meets some still nowadays in the villages of India.

Gradually, all this periodic animation of our villages fell to the profit from the only great centers, Millau, Vigan, Lodève.

In Nant, most important of the fairs was "rents it" which still saw until in the Fifties arriving the world of the hamlets and common neighbors of Sauclières, Midsummer's Day, Cavaleris, Hospitalet, Fraissinet... the servants, shepherds and farm labourers came to rent themselves this day there, or renouveller their lease with their owner. Discussions (in occitan, sure!) went good train, Masters and servants exchanged confidences and information, the reputations was done or was demolished.

There was a fair identical to Campestre for the St-Michel where those which wanted to be rented presented for the recruiting. From where this old story:

"Sounds, sounds the clock/turns, turns the sun

That the Michaelmas approaches/Master we will change.

The fair with the pigs of Saint-Jean-of-Bruel

Located at a crossroads of roads, St-Jean was intended to receive fairs.

For a long time, there were fairs of certain importance: January 7, fatty Monday, Mondays which follow on March 19, April 26, June 24, September 6, October 6, November 4, and December 6. But the facility of the automobile éplacements made lose all their importance and their raison d'être with these meetings. The purchasers supply themselves elsewhere and differently.

< < I will try to make revive these fairs of antan. That of January 7 was the fair of the fatty pigs. These pigs enjoyed a good reputation; one finished their fattening with sweet chestnuts and famous "the castagnous", sweet chestnuts dry, which made meats of quality and bacons up to ten centimetres.

All the turn of the esplanade, the stockbreeders presented their pigs. There was in vain and even in vain, large and even larger. Certain stockbreeders saint-jeantais, waited, around the eleven hours, the moment when the purchasers, come sometimes from fort far, were most numerous for exhiber their pigs They ravelled with foot in Main street; the pigs could hardly move, their large belly trailing almost to ground, because one had made them eat "with sadoul" according to the habit. When the weather was very cold and that these pigs were not sold in the course of the day, they were extremely then likely to catch a large indigestion and in extreme cases to burst some.

All the stockbreeders did not exaggerate in this practice, but some, known well, were specialists in these abuses. The weight of these animals spread out from 180 to 250 kg, the great majority exceeding 200 kg. Each stockbreeder reviewed honor to have beautiful animals, "finished well". The weighing public, Mr Deleuze, had extremely to make this day, with his "romo" official punched, so much the pigs shouted and struggled. My grandfather told me that before the weighing a specialist called intervened commonly the "sanaire" which checked if the animal were saleable, (if it were not miser). Several, one fell the animal by ground to immobilize it. Then with a tool one forced it to open the mouth. The sanaire it "languettegeait", operation which consisted in looking at then checking with the hand if there were not under the language of small balls containing of eggs of tapeworm. In this case, it was declared unsuitable with consumption. This disease disappeared fortunately for a long time. > > (Our roots, editions of Diège, departmental Federation of ainés rural of Aveyron)

Concerning the history of St-Jean-of-Bruel I announce two Causse numbers "& the Cevennes" N°1/2004 and N° 4/2004

like "the history of St-Jean-of-Bruel by Mr. Prunier (I seek the references....)

The commune of Campestre-and-Luc

With the exception of Campestre where the buildings are tight the ones against the others in compact blocks, the hamlets of causse of Campestre are loose regroupings distributed along the farm cart tracks of the fields and transportation communication channels. The field of the Luc makes exception with the current masonries of the 19° which are connected with industrial buildings (long constructions of only one holding joined together around a square court, large openings, the roofs were furnished with dormer).

Meeting of the communes of Campestre and the Luc

The two parishes are joined together in August 1808.

The communes are created by the Constituent Assembly in 1789. The tiny commune of the Luc whom cannot organize itself, the communes of the Luc and Campestre form of them nothing any more but one by decree of 21 September 1812 signed by Napoleon " with the imperial district of Moscow ". The decree takes effect later only one year in 1813.

Administrative work continued during the warlike campaigns. Thus Andre Malraux, in " the oaks which one cuts down " writes " Napoleon, him ; did not know to choose between Généralissime and the emperor. Before Leipzig it passed the hours to sign decrees "

(Leipzig, battles against the allies, 1813)

Campestre

(blazon : of gold, with a sheaf of sinople - green color into heraltic)

Lords

Mr. Lapomerède prior of Campestre 1754

Mr. Devessac lord of Campestre - November 1768

MRE Jean Baptist of Mailhac, baron de Vessac, lord of Campestre - June 1778

Linguistic and historical origin

Occitan campèstre, of Latin campestris, " countryside, field "

1234 : Parochia de Campestre

1261 : Turris and fortalicia of Campestre

1271 : Caussium, Caucium de Campestre ; Villa of Campestre ; Parochia Sancti-Johannis de Campestre

1303 : Castrum de Campestrio

1314 : Locus de Campestre

1384 : Campestroe

1430 Campestrium

1466 & 1513 : Parochia de Campestrio

Remarkable castles and masonries

Remainders of the castle 13° & 14°, main building with watch tower and turn of circular angle of plan.

In the year 1276 Pierre de Montdardier, lord of the castle and mandement of Campestre transmit the grounds of mandement, or parish of St-Jean de Campestre, at the community of the villagers who are named in the sale contract. Pierre de Montdardier keeps the direct seigniory and perceives the fifth of the vegetable and corn harvest of it, as well as the censive one (yearly rental and perpetual with the lord) out of wheat and oats. Prohibition is made to the purchasers resell their good outside the community. This act is written by the royal notary of the baronnie of Hierle " with Campestre on the place below the young elm ".

The castle formed a long time part of the stronghold of Estienne of St-Martial (XV°), which Nouvilles the XVI° and Guichard with the XVII° century succeeded, as well as Mailhaic and Vessac. The lords of Campestre were the vassal ones of the Baron d' Hierle.

St-Jean-Baptist church, old pilgrimage for the children rachitics and malformed. The three naves are of Romance style. Apse of the 12e & 13e. Clock ___ ?

In activity in 1557, repaired in 1644, in 1743 and 1746 (rebuilding of the vault), entirely restored and increased in 1865. The maintenance of the church has constituted the principal expenditure of the commune for more than thirty years. Attempt at fire of the church in June 1703 by Camisards. Two of the attackers originating in Aumessas were taken by the population, judged in Nimes and decapitated.

A very beautiful masonry presbytérale built in approximately 1693, increased about a 1723, perhaps used time as brood if one believes the local rumour of it ( ?).

Population

Animal population (In sheep véritas)

The sheep are present as of prehistory on the zone of causses and the breeding is certainly the oldest activity on the territory of the commune.

In 1893 : 3000 sheep, 36 horses (draught horses), mules, mules and asses 30 (example with Sauclières: 61 mules for 4 asses of race poitevine), 54 bovines (many oxes), 160 pigs and 50 goats.

Of which in the Luc (penal settlement) _____ ?

A dozen ox will work in the Luc in the Thirties, at the end of the "colony".

In 2003 it do 700 ewes in two herds remain nothing any more but and around fifty of ? horses

The production of wool is at the origin of the importance of the herds of sheep on causses. The dairy vocation takes its importance only at the end of the 19^Eand until the end of the Fifties or Roquefort " Company " reduces its collections. Create at the bad time at the time of beginning of the expansion of the " Company " Roquefort, the attempt of the cheese dairy and cellar of St-Férréol failed.

Human population

The figures can be very fluctuating consequences of the wars, the economic difficulties, the climatic conditions and the epidemics....

1384 : 4 fires. The census of 1341 was carried out in a number of fires. A fire is a hearth, with the direction used today by INSEE, i.e. the meeting of several people, bound or not by the blood ties, and alive under the same roof. To deduce an indication from it from population, it is thus necessary to evaluate the number of people who lived, at the time, usually under the same roof. Let us imagine a family of two parents, two children, and a number of ascending and servants so variable who it is difficult to determine by principle. Intervening after one 100 years period without notable disturbance, this census must give an idea of a province to highest of its richness. It was carried out by agents of the king, in all France, which lets think that the methods were rather rigorous.

By way of comparison, Sauclières (De Senclieyras) in 1341 counts 96 fires.

1611 : 160 fires for 240 communicants (adult in age of communier) according to a episcopal visit report. It is a bad doubled economic period of civil wars.

1675 :

1799 : 446 inhabitants

For the whole of the commune : 667 inhabitants in 1842, 1876: ?, about 1893 the teacher of Campestre notes that " the population is not interfered foreign elements ", 901 catholic inhabitants and 2 Protestants. With the end of the 20° 19°-beginning (between 1850 and 1895 for our area) it is one period of apogee of rural France where the campaigns are full.

The fall of population will be brutal as from the years 1950: 72 in 1982, 80 in 1990, 117 in 1999 including 54 women and 63 men, for currently 148 (!) voters (December 2003).

1881 : 874 H./ 1890 : 903 H./ 1891 : 805 H.

1901 : 629 H./ 1911 : 454 H./ 1921 : 392 H./ 1931 : 229 H./ 1936 : 220 H.

1954 : 164 H./ 1962 : 120 H./ 1968 : 110 H./ 1975 : 94 H./ 1982 : 72 H.

1990 : 80 H./ 1999 : 117 H.

The myth of " we were born here " : on a total of 108 people of more than 15 years, only 20 were born in the department ! and 48 in area (INSEE 1999). The strong rejection of the " parts brought back " by " we were born" , minority here, does not take place to be. It will be necessary well to seek acceptable answers together to avoid the ruin of our villages. Hunters and ecologists

The commune of Campestre-and-Luc is the only commune of the canton of Alzon has to have recorded an increase in population between 1968 and 1999 (+6,5% against -25% for the commune of Alzon). All the other communes knew a clear reduction. The number of main homes passed for the same period of 33 (29 in 1975) to 46 (either +39,5% of increase). The second homes know a multiplication of 311% while passing from 18 to 56 residences. The second homes take little by little the step on the permanent habitat. They are at the same time an oxygen puff by instigating the economic activity and cultural, and a choke for the life at the year on causse.

In 1890 the commune counted 2 marshal-shoeing, a cartwright (Bergonnier ?), a carpenter, a tailor, 4 shoe-makers and 4 masons (of which the Bergonnier family, masons since 10 generations with Campestre). One also met 3 grocers, 2 or 3 merchants of fabric and fabrics, 2 merchants of cattle and 2 outputting drink landlords which " are attended only Sunday ". The commune employed a forester and a rural policeman. The fair took place on September 2. The employers' festival gave place to pastoral balls with violins, clarinets or oboe.

Stone quarries for the construction of the viaducts and the tunnels of the line of the railroad Vigan-Tournemire inaugurated in 1896. The departure of the cable shelf is still visible on causse close to the stone quarries of which one of it was used as refuse tip very recently (2002).

HAMLETS

" It is probable that during the course of the Middle Ages, the farmhouses (mansus) gave rise to hamlets which, according to the extent and the value of the depressions, are remained such or returned in their initial state of single exploitation. "A.D-T

Let us note that the names of several hamlets of the commune are current local patronyms : Salze, Viala and Grailhe. Or Homs, Clamens which disappeared.

LE LUC

LE SALZE

Homs / Oms

Oc. Olm, lat. Ulmus, “orme” (L’appellation du col de « l’homme mort » entre St-Guiral et Linguas pourrait ne pas être liée à une anecdote humaine mais à la présence d’un arbre remarquable.)

1272 : Mansus de Ulmis,

1330 : Mansus de Holmis

1789 : Les Ons (Les ONS, carte murale musée cévenol) ?

Viala

Oc. Vialar, vilar , lat. villare « hameau, village » (peut signifier « domaine » avec le a final accentué).

1321 : Mansus de Vilario

1468 : Mansus del Vilar

1513 : Mansus de Villa parochioe de Campestrio

C’était une propriété des de Faventines, seigneurs du Salze et du Viala aux XVII° et XVIII°.

Mas Gauzin

Gaussen, ancien hameau, nom de personne germanique : Gauzhelm

Gaulz : nom d’une divinité, helm : casque

? autre explication : sobriquet tiré du coq « gau », oc. Gal

Mas : oc. Mas « ferme, hameau, métairie ». lat. mansus « terme féodal désignant une exploitation rurale occupée par un seul tenancier »

Jusqu’à la révolution le terme de « manse », puis de mas (voir les compois), est appliqué non seulement à l’exploitation isolée mais au hameau où vivent plusieurs familles. Par un phénomène inverse les hameaux se sont retrouvés exploitation unique jusqu’à la fin des années 70 où de nouveaux arrivant se sont installés dans les hameaux désertés par la population locale (par exemple le hameau du Salze).

Régagnas

Oc. Regagnhàs « rire sardonique, ricanement »

1468 : Mansus de Reganhacio

Situé physiquement sur le causse de Campestre, Régagnas appartient à la commune de Vissec.

Grailhe

Nom de famille, sobriquet gralha « corneille »

1509 : G. Gralhe

Magettes

Oc. Malh « manteau de forge »

N’apparaît pas sur le cadastre de 1828, qui a retrouvé sa place à la mairie de Campestre après restauration.

Licides

Pourrait provenir de Lisside, de l'oc. Eissida signifiant « sortir, issue ». L’ancienne voie du village du Salze passait par cette ferme pour rejoindre le village d’Alzon.

Valcroze

Mansus de Vallecroza 1261

Crosa : creuse + val : vallée

Présence d'une ancienne mine romaine (également au Villaret, au Caylaret, et à Verda pour le cuivre et le plomb argentifère et à Aurières pour l'or) et d'un four antique (un autre est situé au Villaret) qui permettait d'obtenir du cuivre. L'exploitation de ces mines relevait du travail familial. Ces mines ont été creusées et abandonnées avant l'utilisation de la poudre et n'étaient plus en activité en 1541 lors du dénombrement rédigé par François de Montfaucon, baron d'Hierle.

Clamens

Ancien hameau disparu situé entre Grailhe, Luc et Salzes

De Clément, nom de baptême et nom de famille occitan

La Canourgue, Ancien hameau disparu situé entre Grailhe, Luc et Salzes

1420 : La Canorga

1512 : Terra dominorum canonicorum de Bonheur

André Pizio - Spécialiste de rien et touche à tout - dimanche 4 janvier 2004